md-19003-en - Flipbook - Page 7
Transport and Installation (A4-A5)
Please note that this module has not been included within the system boundaries.
Product Use and Maintenance (B1-B7)
This EPD does not cover the use stage.
Air, soil, and water impacts during the use phase have not been studied.
Product End of Life (C1-C4, D)
At the end of their use phase, steel ceilings can typically be dismantled without damage. In Module
C1 (deconstruction), disassembly is primarily manual and requires minimal mechanical effort. For
modelling purposes, an average energy consumption of 0.01 kWh per kg is assumed (based on
Bozdağ & Seçer, 2007).
Module C2 (transport) assumes that dismantled ceiling components are transported by truck to
regional sorting or treatment facilities.
In Module C3 (waste processing), ceiling elements are sorted and sent for recycling. It is assumed
that 99.4% of the steel is recycled, with only a minor share (0.6%) sent to energy recovery or
landfill. Acoustic felt and coatings are assumed to be incinerated or landfilled based on material
compatibility.
In Module C4 (disposal), the small fraction of unrecyclable material is disposed of in accordance
with national regulations. The steel-based construction ensures that end-of-life waste volumes are
minimal.
Module D (Benefits Beyond the System Boundary) includes the environmental credits from the
recovery of high-quality scrap steel. The recycled steel offsets the impacts of producing primary
steel in future product systems. This results in significant net environmental benefits, particularly in
terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification (AP), and Abiotic Depletion of Fossil
Resources (ADPF).
Packaging waste is treated as follows:
Plastic packaging: 40% recycled, 37% incinerated, 23% landfilled.
Wooden pallets: 32% recycled, 30% incinerated, 38% landfilled.
Cardboard: 83% recycled, 8% incinerated, 9% landfilled.
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Steel | Building
