Substructure - Flipbook - Side 7
Transport and Installation (A4-A5)
Please note that this module has not been included within the system boundaries.
Product Use and Maintenance (B1-B7)
This EPD does not cover the use stage.
Air, soil, and water impacts during the use phase have not been studied.
Product End of Life (C1-C4, D)
The steel substructure components can generally be disassembled without damage, depending on
the type of fastening system used. Disassembly is typically performed by unscrewing or detaching
clips and hangers. The C1 stage (deconstruction) involves the use of mechanical equipment
powered by diesel fuel. An average energy consumption of 0.01 kWh per kilogram is assumed for
building deconstruction, based on Bozdağ and Seçer (2007).
In the C2 stage (transport), dismantled substructure elements are transported to waste treatment
or recycling facilities.
During the C3 stage (waste processing), properly sorted steel components are shredded and
directed into established steel recycling streams. Given the high recyclability of steel, it is assumed
that 95% of the steel is recycled, while 5% is landfilled. The recycling process significantly offsets
the environmental impacts of raw material extraction and primary steel production.
In C4 (disposal), the minor portion of substructure components that are not recycled is assumed to
be landfilled in accordance with national regulations.
In Module D, the environmental benefits of recycling are accounted for. The recovery of secondary
steel avoids the need for equivalent amounts of primary steel, resulting in substantial savings in
energy and emissions. These benefits are included as credits in the overall life cycle assessment,
reflecting the high material recovery potential of the substructure system.
Packaging material treatment follows the same as for the ceiling panels:
Plastic packaging: 40% are recycled, 37% incinerated, and 23% landfilled.
Wooden pallets: 32% are recycled, 30% incinerated, and 38% landfilled.
Cardboard: 83% are recycled, 8% incinerated, and 9% landfilled.
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Substructure
