Substructure - Flipbook - Side 6
Product Life-Cycle
System Boundary
This EPD covers the life-cycle modules listed in the following table.
Product stage
Assembly
stage
Use stage
A1
A4
B1
A2
A3
A5
B2
End of life stage
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
C1
C2
C3
Beyond the
system
boundaries
C4
D
MND
MND
MND
MND
MND
MND
MND
MND
x
x
x
x
Transport
Assembly
Use
Maintenance
Repair
Replacement
Refurbishment
Operational energy use
Operational water use
Deconstruction/ demolition
Transport
Waste processing
Disposal
Recycling
MND
Manufacturing
Recovery
x
Transport
x
x
Raw materials
Reuse
x
Modules not declared = MND. Modules not relevant = MNR
Manufacturing And Packaging (A1-A3)
The environmental impacts considered for the product stage cover the manufacturing of raw
materials used in the production as well as packaging materials and other ancillary materials. Also,
fuels used by machines, and handling of waste formed in the production processes at the
manufacturing facilities are included in this stage. The study also considers the material losses
occurring during the manufacturing processes as well as losses during electricity transmission.
The substructure components used for the metal ceilings are manufactured from steel. In stage A1
(raw material supply), raw steel is extracted and processed into coils or strips. The production of
steel includes upstream processes such as ore extraction and steelmaking. During stage A2
(transport), the material is transported to the manufacturing facilities. Transport is typically carried
out by truck, with a focus on optimizing load capacity to minimize environmental impact.
In the A3 stage (manufacturing), the steel is roll-formed, cut, punched, and shaped into
substructure components such as main runners, cross tees, hangers, and connectors. These
components are designed for precision assembly and mechanical performance, ensuring
compatibility with a variety of ceiling systems. The manufacturing process is highly efficient, with
any steel offcuts collected and recycled back into the material loop. The use of green energy in
manufacturing is demonstrated through contractual instruments (GOs, RECs, etc.), and its use is
ensured throughout the validity period of this EPD. All production processes are carried out in
accordance with EN 13964 and the technical guidelines of TAIM e.V. (THM), ensuring compliance
with performance, safety, and quality standards.
The finished substructure components are packaged using recyclable materials such as wooden
pallets, cardboard, and plastic wrapping. Packaging is designed for easy separation and recycling,
and any residual waste should be handled according to national waste regulations.
5
Substructure
